ABSTRACT
Operating microscopes, navigation systems and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring are essential in modern neurosurgical and maxillofacial procedures. Advances in surgical planning in neurosurgery and maxillofacial surgery led to the more common navigation system that helps surgeons know more information and ultimately do more for their patients. The benefits of a contemporary navigation system in the complicated brain, skull-base, maxillofacial and spine surgery are undeniable. Workflow analyses and cost-benefit evaluations must be carried out to increase the efficiency of neuronavigation systems in the next future.
ABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause long-standing damage to the immune system characterized by increased inflammatory cytokine activation. Maintaining periodontal health may reduce host susceptibility to COVID-19 and prevent COVID-19 aggravation in infected patients. There is sufficient evidence in the literature to warrant an association between the presence of PDs and the development and course of respiratory illnesses. Optimum oral health, maintaining good systemic health, and elimination of smoking habits may be beneficial for the prevention and management of COVID-19 infections. Future studies on the periodontal status of patients with COVID-19, including from mild to severe forms, could allow the opportune identification of people at risk of severe illness and generate relevant recommendations. The connection, if any, between the oral microbiome and COVID-19 complications is urgently required to establish the importance of oral hygiene and pre-existing oral disease in the severity and mortality risk of COVID-19.